In practice, many Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) fail to achieve anticipated innovation outcomes, due in part to weaknesses in social and inter-organizational relationships. PPPs typically include members separated by organizational, occupational, cultural and geographic boundaries, which can create fragmentation, disconnection and misunderstanding.
Developing sufficient trust with partners, which has been shown to affect the success of PPPs, remains a difficult issue. Different norms, values, metrics and decision-making processes can impede the flow of knowledge that is necessary for problem solving and innovation.